Manufacturing Passwords

<h2 style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #0893a3; font-family: Georgia, Cambria, 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-size: 2em; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.25; margin: 0px 0px 5px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><br /></h2><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><strong style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Below is an article I wrote for the <a href="http://www.imts.com/show/newsletter/insider/article.cfm?aid=690">July 12th, 2013 IMTS Insider titled, "Manufacturing Passwords":</a></strong></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;"><em style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">-By:  Dave Edstrom</em></div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The title “Manufacturing Passwords” can be thought of as a double entendre. It could discuss passwords in the area of manufacturing, or, alternately, creating passwords themselves. These are actually both important topics.</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">In the June 2013 edition of IMTS Insider, I wrote about<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.imts.com/show/newsletter/insider/article.cfm?aid=681" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">cyber security and manufacturing</a>. Continuing with that theme, this time around we’ll examine the topic of passwords and manufacturing.</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">As manufacturing becomes more and more interconnected with the outside world, the need for security will increase exponentially. Security can be thought of as an onion with different layers that are needed for protection. The only 100% secure system is one that is not on any network, sitting in an electromagnetically sealed room running on its own power source where no individuals can get to it. Even then, I would be reluctant to bet my last dollar that someone couldn’t figure out a way to break in. Unless that system was a black box with a fixed function, it would likely not be a very useful system. Being on a network and accepting risk is part of doing business today.</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">One of the simplest areas to protect is having a good password system in place for all users and services. When you type your password, you are going through an authentication process. By entering your login name and password, the system authenticates you and lets you in. We are all familiar with the requirement that some sites have for strong passwords. While we think it can be an inconvenience, this is really for our protection — it makes it more difficult to break into that password. The two most important aspects of strong passwords are the length as well as the types of characters, numbers, and special symbols used.</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A strong password for a user would be something along the lines of a!&tR)^-n8@#&y\B. That password is 16 characters in length and has a variety of characters to it. The obvious challenge with that type of password is that it is hard for us humans to remember. The trick is having a password that a human can remember and makes it difficult for computers to guess by having that mix of characters and a long password. The time it takes for a computer to guess your password can easily be quantified. Let’s say that your password is “PeterIMTS”. I am sure that is not Peter Eelman’s password, but if it were, an offline attack using five servers that used a total of 25 Graphic Processing Units (GPU) that could guess Peter’s password in couple of hours. (The processors your kids use to run video games make great password crackers.) An offline attack is where the password file has been downloaded or stolen from a site and the bad guys just keep trying to break the passwords so they can get specific passwords for specific users. If we used those same 25 GPUs with the password of a!&tR)^-n8@#&y\B, it would take about one hundred billion centuries. You read that right, one hundred billion centuries. The age of the universe is about 13.77 billion years old, just in case you are worried it was not long enough or complicated enough. That is with today’s computers. Keep in mind that Moore’s Law tells us the speed of computers effectively doubles every 18 to 24 months.</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">A not-so-obvious point to understand here is that Peter’s password of PeterIMTS is not stored in some file that anyone can just open (if they stole the file) and simply read what it is. What happens is that when your password is entered, it goes through what is called a one-way mathematical algorithm where what comes out the other side is a very long and complicated set of characters. There are different mathematical algorithms that are used today. As a user, this is not your worry unless you find out that the bad guy has broken into your site and taken your password file. When that happens, the first thing users are typically told is to immediately change their passwords. If you ever find out a site is storing your passwords in clear text or “in the open,” run and don’t walk to get your valuable information off that site.</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">The first password of a!&tR)^-n8@#&y\B is too hard and PeterIMTS is too easy, so what is a good compromise? There are many strategies and this topic is as controversial as mixing both politics and religion. Whatever I point out for your consideration, it’s likely any number of security experts would suggest a different and possibly better way. I am offering a suggestion that I think is reasonable. It is just one suggestion. Keep in mind that the trick is both a variety of characters as well as the length of the password that causes these massive brute force attacks to take a long time.</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Let’s go back to Peter and his password. Peter could use a technique called haystacks. A haystack basically means creating a bigger haystack for the bad guy to find your password. I first heard of this technique at a Sun conference years ago and then later on a podcast with Steve Gibson of Security Now on the This Week in Tech (TWiT) series of podcasts. There is lots of good information on this topic at<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://twit.tv/sn" style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">TWiT.tv/sn</a>. A haystack is basically padding a password with a string of special characters that you can remember that are a prefix or suffix or both to the site for which you want a secure password.</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Let’s look at an example with Peter. Peter would pick a series of characters that he could remember. This might be 8Caps*MJ23$ Those 11 characters would then be added to any site that Peter would go to. Peter likes the Caps and the Bulls, so this might be a reasonable way to pad his passwords. For example, Peter goes to a site called Legendary Hockey Player Jerseys. They want a password. Creating a new password every time is a hassle and using the same password is simply not wise. In this case, Peter could have a policy that says he will grab the first character of whatever sites he goes to and pads it with his Peter only padding set of characters. The password would be LHPJ8Caps*MJ23$. Now using that same 25 GPU system, it would take about 500 million centuries to break it. Peter should be able sleep at night with that type of security. The key of course is that only Peter knows his private padding password. If Peter went to his Bank of America site, it might be BOA8Caps*MJ23$. It is also critical to not have the same password at more than one site. Obviously, if Peter had a sticky note on his monitor with 8Caps*MJ23$, that would be a security hole.</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At one of my previous employers, we couldn’t get some of our sales reps to take password security seriously. The sales VP had the technical team pull down a password-guessing program and run it against our password file. The results of the cracked passwords were published to their peers and the offending sales reps with the results. The VP then gave the sales reps explicit instructions to change to a secure password NOW. Peer pressure can be a powerful force because it just takes one weak password to give the guys wearing black hats all the entry they need into the network.</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">I am sure some of you are thinking — “but that still isn’t secure, because what happens if someone finds out my password? They become me with just my login and password.” You are absolutely correct. What we have been talking about is single factor authentication. In others words, a password is something that you know. For systems where having just a login and password are not deemed enough, there is two-factor authentication.</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Two-factor authentication adds another variable. For example, a company I worked at had a special password generator calculator, a device we called “the enigma,” and every employee that needed a remote login had one. It was unique for each employee. How it worked is that the employee would login to a special system with a unique login and an 8-digit challenge that they had one minute to reply to with their enigma response. For example, when I first turned on my enigma, I had to enter in my password and then immediately enter in the challenge. It would then come back with the unique number that I would have to enter into the system for that given one-minute window just for Dave Edstrom. If that was successful, I would then be asked which system I wanted to login to with my username and password. That was deemed as secure enough for our needs.</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">For other systems, even two-factor authentication isn’t enough, and a third factor is added. The third factor is something that you are. It might be a fingerprint or retina scan. In summary, a single factor authentication is typically something you know. A two-factor is usually something you know, as well as something you have, such as an enigma card. A third factor might add something like a retina scan.</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Some might argue that authentication involving an enigma card and a fingerprint or retina scan is enough and would eliminate the need for a user to remember a password. Companies employ various levels of authentication depending on the system. In the long run, having humans pick and try to remember passwords is not a good idea. Many smartphone manufacturers are considering biometrics for the security systems on their devices.</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">If you have traveled recently, you likely noticed new traveler kiosks in some of the larger airports. These kiosks are part of a trusted traveler program. These programs go by different names around the globe, but the common theme is that it is for those travelers who have been deemed “safe” for air travel and not a terrorist threat. What these kiosks all share is a multi-factor authentication system. These multiple factors usually require that the traveler has a current passport, scanned at the kiosk, plus two-factor biometric scanning – such as finger print scan and facial recognition. They’re also required to enter their flight number. These multiple factors fall into something you have, which is your passport, something you are, which are the two biometrics, and finally a booked flight, which is the reason you are at the airport to begin with. All of these factors combined provide the airport and airline with a high degree of confidence that the person traveling is the person that has been previously checked out and is not considered a traveling risk. The background checks can be quite extensive, but the benefits are a more streamlined entry and exit process when traveling.</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">At this point, you should be asking what the security policies are regarding passwords in your manufacturing shop or plant. What would happen if you ran a password-guessing program? The degree of security needs to be balanced with the risk. For example, let’s say that you have a crossword program that requires a login and password to save your last game. You got it free at iTunes and there is no financial transaction involved, and the worst thing that could happen is a stranger could pick up from your last crossword puzzle. Let’s compare that to the login for your health provider where you have all of your family’s medical records. You likely would want a very secure password for this site. What would happen if a nation state decided to attack your company’s site because they just read you were the proud recipient of a new aerospace contract? Would you bet your company’s intellectual property on your current security system? Who makes that determination at your company?</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Just as a reminder, you can get a Ph.D. in the area of cyber security, so please treat these articles as simply high-level guides on what to think about. It’s not meant to be an all-encompassing discussion of security best practices. My goal is to spark conversations in shops and plants regarding security, but I’m not providing a recommendation that works for all scenarios. If you now have more questions than answers, then I have done my job. Remember Andy Grove of Intel’s timeless advice, “only the paranoid survive.” When it comes to security, be very paranoid.</div><div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 21px; margin: 0px 0px 12px; orphans: auto; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">Next month, I will discuss authentication and authorization. Please keep the comments and suggestions coming on cyber security in manufacturing!<span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></div>

Manufacturing Passwords

Below is an article I wrote for the July 12th, 2013 IMTS Insider titled, "Manufacturing Passwords": -By:  Dave Edstrom The title “...

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Inventor of the computer mouse - Doug Engelbart

<br /><br /><a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/technology/douglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1">Interesting article at the New York Times on Dr. Douglas C. Englebart - the inventor of the computer mouse.</a>  The article is written by the famous John Markoff.<br /><br />Below is a snippet:<br /><br /><blockquote class="tr_bq"><div itemprop="articleBody">"In December 1968, however, he set the computing world on fire with a remarkable demonstration before more than a thousand of the world’s leading computer scientists at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco, one of a series of national conferences in the computer field that had been held since the early 1950s. Dr. Engelbart was developing a raft of revolutionary interactive computer technologies and chose the conference as the proper moment to unveil them. </div><div itemprop="articleBody"><br /></div><div itemprop="articleBody">For the event, he sat on stage in front of a mouse, a keyboard and other controls and projected the computer display onto a 22-foot-high video screen behind him. In little more than an hour, he showed how a networked, interactive computing system would allow information to be shared rapidly among collaborating scientists. He demonstrated how a mouse, which he invented just four years earlier, could be used to control a computer. He demonstrated text editing, video conferencing, hypertext and windowing. </div><div itemprop="articleBody"><br /></div><div itemprop="articleBody">In contrast to the mainframes then in use, a computerized system Dr. Engelbart created, called the oNLine System, or NLS, allowed researchers to share information seamlessly and to create and retrieve documents in the form of a structured electronic library. </div><div itemprop="articleBody"><br /></div><div itemprop="articleBody">The conference attendees were awe-struck. In one presentation, Dr. Engelbart demonstrated the power and the potential of the computer in the information age. The technology would eventually be refined at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center and at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Apple and Microsoft would transform it for commercial use in the 1980s and change the course of modern life" </div></blockquote>

Inventor of the computer mouse - Doug Engelbart

Interesting article at the New York Times on Dr. Douglas C. Englebart - the inventor of the computer mouse.   The article is written by the ...

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MTConnect and Google Glass at ITAMCO

<br />Joel Neidig of ITAMCO continues to be a true thought leader in manufacturing.  Below is a snippet from a <a href="http://www.mmdnewswire.com/indiana-technology-and-manufacturing-companies-itamco-mtconnect-129976.html">very nice article from MMD Newswire on what Joel is doing with MTConnect and Google Glass:</a><br /><br /><blockquote class="tr_bq">"MTConnect® lowers the barriers to Manufacturing Intelligence, even to as complex a supply-side manufacturing chain as a fortune 500 company. Google Glass--a Heads-Up Display, camera, touchpad, microphone, email and internet connection built into a spectacle frame--coupled with MTConnect functionality, will provide a view into the manufacturing process that until now has been unattainable. The Google Glass user will be liberated from laptops and hand-held smart devices and be able to travel the entire shop floor, gathering and sharing machine data provided by MTConnect, and accessing the internet for more information as he goes.<br /><br /> The opportunities inspiring the merger between MTConnect® and Google Glass are twofold. The first opportunity is in the exploitation of Augmented Reality (AR). AR generates a composite view for the user that is the combination of the real scene, as viewed by the user, and a virtual scene generated by the computer with additional information such as sound, video, graphics, GPS data, or, in this case, manufacturing data via MTConnect. Google Glass becomes a natural extension of MTConnect's view into machines, providing intuitive and user-friendly access to manufacturing data."</blockquote>

MTConnect and Google Glass at ITAMCO

Joel Neidig of ITAMCO continues to be a true thought leader in manufacturing.  Below is a snippet from a very nice article from MMD Newswire...

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¿QUÉ SIGNIFICA EL 4G EN TELEFONIA MOVIL?

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Si bien es cierto que 4G es la abreviatura para referirse a la cuarta generación de tecnología de teléfono móvil, el verdadero nombre de este servicio es <strong style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">LTE (Long Term Evolution)</strong>. Se trata de la evolución de los estándares de la telefonía móvil, es decir, la superación del <strong style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">3.5G</strong>, permitiendo una tasa de transferencia mucho más rápida. Hasta ahora, los usuarios podían recibir la información por dos vías, voz y datos, pero con la llegada de 4G los usuarios solamente recibirán datos y la voz se podrá retransmitir a través de Internet.</div></div>

¿QUÉ SIGNIFICA EL 4G EN TELEFONIA MOVIL?

Si bien es cierto que 4G es la abreviatura para referirse a la cuarta generación de tecnología de teléfono móvil, el verdadero nombre de est...

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¿QUÉ VENTAJAS TIENE EL 4G RESPECTO EL 3G EN TELEFONIA MOVIL?

<div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"><br /></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Las principales ventajas y diferencias con respecto a la anterior generación 3G van asociadas a <strong style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">su velocidad</strong>. Con el sistema LTE, la red 4G alcanzará velocidades superiores a los <strong style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">100 megabits por segundo</strong>, una generación que traerá consigo un aumento de velocidad de hasta 10 veces superior a la del 3G. Este aumento de velocidad se traduce en una mayor rapidez para enviar imágenes, la posibilidad de enviar contenidos más pesados (vídeos Full HD) de forma mucho más cómoda que con la anterior generación o la capacidad de acceder a los servicios de streaming de televisión, series o películas en alta definición.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 10px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Además, todos los dispositivos compatibles con el 4G permitirán operar sin cortes cuando estamos en movimiento. Un claro ejemplo es cuando nos desplazamos en coche y, de forma repentina, sufrimos una pérdida de cobertura que impide seguir navegando por la red.</div>

¿QUÉ VENTAJAS TIENE EL 4G RESPECTO EL 3G EN TELEFONIA MOVIL?

Las principales ventajas y diferencias con respecto a la anterior generación 3G van asociadas a  su velocidad . Con el sistema LTE, la red 4...

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todo lo que has de saber de la Tarifa Jazzmóvil 5 precios oferta descuentos caracteristicas

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El <strong>operador Jazztel se une a las OMVs</strong> del mercado lanzando la ”<strong>Tarifa Jazzmóvil 5</strong> ” con llamadas a sólo 5 céntimos minuto y nos regalan además el Nokia C1-01 – Tarifa por uso -.</span></span></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Solo se nos exigirá una recarga de 5 euros por mes, vamos casi nada viendo lo mínimo de otras operadoras quienes nos invitan a recargar de manera mensual entre 8-10 euros sin ofrecernos teléfono alguno.</span></span></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span id="more-13425"></span><strong>Jazztel ha querido empezar bien</strong> con la posibilidad de ser más que un operador de ADSL y Telefonía fija, lo ofrece vía web – <a href="http://hogar.movil.jazztel.com/telefonia-movil/tarifa-jazzmovil-5" style="color: #507aa5; text-decoration: none;">contratar Jazzmóvil</a> -, pudiendo migrar nuestro número actual si lo queremos.</span></span></div><div id="aui-3-2-0PR1-1109" style="color: #333333; text-align: left;"><br /><ul id="aui-3-2-0PR1-1106" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 20px;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A cualquier hora del día</span></span></li></ul><ul id="aui-3-2-0PR1-1106" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 20px;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A todos los destinos nacionales</span></span></li></ul><ul id="aui-3-2-0PR1-1106" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 20px;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sin cuotas mensuales. Consumo mínimo 5 € al mes.</span></span></li></ul><ul id="aui-3-2-0PR1-1106" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 20px;"><li style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5 céntimos el minuto</span></span></li></ul><ul id="aui-3-2-0PR1-1106" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 20px;"><li id="aui-3-2-0PR1-1102" style="margin: 0px; padding: 5px 0px 0px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Para siempre</span></span></li></ul></div><div style="color: #333333; line-height: 20px; padding: 0px 0px 15px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Con JazzMóvil 5, sólo pagarás lo que hables.</span></span></div></div>

todo lo que has de saber de la Tarifa Jazzmóvil 5 precios oferta descuentos caracteristicas

El  operador Jazztel se une a las OMVs  del mercado lanzando la ” Tarifa Jazzmóvil 5  ” con llamadas a sólo 5 céntimos minuto y nos regalan ...

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Sun Microsystems Reunion - SunDC Reminder - 4:30pm on Wednesday July 17th at Coastal Flats in Tyson's !

<span style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><br />A week from today, there is going to be another summer <b>Sun reunion party on <span class="" data-term="goog_1879714818" tabindex="0"><span class="">Wednesday July 17, 4:30 p.m.</span></span></b> at the same location we did last year -</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: verdana,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://www.mapquest.com/places/coastal-flats-mc-lean-va-21760438/">Coastal Flats, Tyson's Corner Center (Tyson's 1). </a><br /><br />In order to help prepare the staff at Coastal Flats for the crowd, please respond to<a href="mailto:sundcreunion@gmail.com" target="_blank"> sundcreunion  ( at )  gmail.com</a> if you can attend!  Please also help us spread the word and forward to all your old Sun friends. <br /><br />We hope to see everyone there!<br /><br />CRenshaw, DEdstrom, DWalker, KFox, REbling</span></span></span></span>

Sun Microsystems Reunion - SunDC Reminder - 4:30pm on Wednesday July 17th at Coastal Flats in Tyson's !

A week from today, there is going to be another summer Sun reunion party on Wednesday July 17, 4:30 p.m. at the same location we did last y...

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