IPV4 to IPV6: mobile phone

When a host is connected to one link or network, it acquires an IP 
address and all communication happens using that IP address on that 
link. As soon as, the same host changes its physical location, that is,
 moves into some different area / subnet / network / link, its IP 
address changes accordingly and all communication happening on the host 
using old IP address, goes down. 
IPv6 mobility provides a mechanism which equips a host with an 
ability to roam around among different links without losing any 
communication/connection and its IP address. 
Multiple entities are involved in this technology: 
<ul class="list">
<li>Mobile Node: The device which needs IPv6 mobility. </li>
<li>Home Link: This link is configured with the home subnet prefix and this is where the Mobile IPv6 device gets its Home Address.</li>
<li>Home Address: This is the address which Mobile Node 
acquires from Home Link. This is permanent address of Mobile Node. If 
the Mobile Node remains in the same Home Link, the communication among 
various entities happens as usual.</li>
<li>Home Agent: This is a router which acts as registrar for 
Mobile Nodes. Home Agent is connected to Home Link and maintains 
information about all Mobile Nodes, their Home Addresses and their 
present IP addresses.</li>
<li>Foreign Link: Any other Link which is not Mobile Node’s Home Link.</li>
<li>Care-of Address: When a Mobile Node attaches to a Foreign 
Link, it acquires a new IP address of that Foreign Link’s subnet. Home 
Agent maintains the information of both Home Address and Care-of 
Address. Multiple Care-of addresses can be assigned to Mobile Node, but
 at any instance only one Care-of Address has binding with Home Address.</li>
<li>Correspondent Node: Any IPv6 enable device which intends to have communication with Mobile Node.</li>
</ul>
<h2>
Mobility Operation</h2>
When Mobile Node stays in its Home Link, all communications happen on its Home Address. As shown below: 
<figure>
<img caption="Mobile Node in Home Link" src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ipv6/images/MN_in_HL.jpg" />
<figcaption align="center">[Image: Mobile Node connected to Home Link]</figcaption>
</figure>When Mobile Node leaves its Home Link and is connected to some 
Foreign Link, the Mobility feature of IPv6 comes into play. After 
connecting to Foreign Link, Mobile Node acquires an IPv6 address from 
Foreign Link. This address is called Care-of Address. Mobile Node 
sends binding request to its Home Agent with the new Care-of Address. 
Home Agent binds Mobile Node’s Home Address with Care-of Address, 
establishing a Tunnel between both. 
Whenever a Correspondent Node tries to establish connection with 
Mobile Node (on its Home Address), the Home Agent intercepts the packet 
and forwards to Mobile Node’s Care-of Address over the Tunnel which was 
already established. 
<figure>
<img caption="Mobile Node in Foreign Link" src="http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ipv6/images/MN_in_FL.jpg" /> 
<figcaption align="center">[Image: Mobile Node connected to Foreign Link]</figcaption>
</figure><h2>
Route Optimization</h2>
 
When a Correspondent Node initiate communication by sending packets 
to Mobile Node on Home Address, these packets are tunneled to Mobile 
Node by Home Agent. In Route Optimization mode, when the Mobile Node 
receives packet from Correspondent Node, it does not forward replies to 
Home Agent. Rather it sends its packet directly to Correspondent Node 
using Home Address as Source Address. This mode is optional and not 
used by default. 
<a href="http://ipv4-ipv6.blogspot.com/2014/07/when-host-is-connected-to-one-link-or.html">http://ipv4-ipv6.blogspot.com/2014/07/when-host-is-connected-to-one-link-or.html</a>

IPv6 Mobility

When a host is connected to one link or network, it acquires an IP address and all communication happens using that IP address on that lin...

<a href="https://scontent-b.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xpa1/t1.0-0/165639_494742522199_1812395_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" class="img" data-store="{"imgsrc":"https:\/\/scontent-b.xx.fbcdn.net\/hphotos-xpa1\/t1.0-0\/165639_494742522199_1812395_n.jpg"}" height="150" src="https://scontent-b.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xpa1/t1.0-0/165639_494742522199_1812395_n.jpg" width="180" /></a>We’re announcing today our participation in <a href="http://lm.facebook.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isoc.org%2Fworldipv6day&h=DAQErAJSI&s=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">World IPv6 Day</a>,
 along with Google, Yahoo!, Akamai, Limelight Networks, and the Internet
 Society. June 8, 2011, will be the first global-scale "test flight" of 
IPv6, the next generation protocol for the Internet. And best of all, 
it’s open to everyone who’s interested in testing their IPv6 service. 
 
This
 is a big step forward for the Internet because the current protocol, 
IPv4 (also known as IP), will run out of addresses this year. Since 
every endpoint on the Internet — whether it’s a computer, mobile phone, 
or TV — relies on a unique IP address to communicate, we need more 
addresses so they can all stay connected. 
 
As a next 
generation protocol, IPv6 provides a vast number of addresses by today's
 standards — 4 billion times the number that are available under IPv4. 
Telecom carriers, ISPs, OS makers, hardware manufacturers, Web 
companies, and governments around the world are depending on IPv6 to 
continue growth of the Internet. World IPv6 Day — a 24 hour period 
during which Internet companies will test IPv6 — is an important step 
that enables the technology to move forward in a globally coordinated 
setting. 
 
Testing IPv6 is important because recent studies 
indicate about 0.05% of Internet users (1 in 2,000) can’t reliably 
connect to websites that enable both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses (known as 
"dual-stacked" websites). This has resulted in a classic chicken-and-egg
 puzzle right now: websites don’t want to enable IPv6 because a small 
number of their users may have trouble connecting. At the same time, 
doing nothing means that ever more users will have trouble connecting to
 these dual-stacked websites, and ISPs will turn to less effective 
technical alternatives like Large Scale NAT (see below). 
 
To
 break this conundrum, we need to take a small, concerted step for just 
24 hours, where Web companies, ISPs, hardware/software makers, and users
 work together and synchronize plans, communication, and support. 
 
Why IPv6 Is Important to Facebook 
The
 switch to IPv6 is especially important for us at Facebook as we pursue 
our mission of helping the world connect and share online. Since last 
summer, we’ve offered Facebook over IPv6 at <a href="http://www.v6.facebook.com/?refid=22" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">www.v6.facebook.com</a>
 (addressed 2620:0:1cfe:face:b00c::3 in true hexadecimal IPv6 hacker 
fashion; note that the v6 link works only from IPv6 endpoints). World 
IPv6 Day will allow us to test our infrastructure and code more widely 
with low risk to our service and users. 
 
The day also 
promotes awareness among hardware and software suppliers, and should 
encourage everyone to create robust IPv6 products and fix buggy ones. 
Between now and June 8th, there’s an opportunity for the entire industry
 to ensure hardware and software isn’t just IPv6-capable, but that it 
can reliably connect people to dual-stacked websites. 
 
This
 year's exhaustion of IPv4 addresses isn’t exactly a sky-is-falling 
situation, because there are always economic and technical solutions 
when there's enough energy put behind a big problem. An economic 
solution is for organizations to buy IPv4 addresses from others willing 
to sell them. But this isn’t a sustainable solution, and it’s perhaps 
not completely fair when you consider how the Internet has historically 
been fully open and accessible. On the technical side, there are many 
protocols and devices in different stages of maturity. But some v4-to-v6
 transitional protocols are so old they are nearly phased-out or 
obsolete. 
 
LSN: A Technical Alternative 
One
 newer solution being proposed is Large Scale NAT (Network Address 
Translation) or LSN, also called Carrier Grade NAT. NAT basically 
translates one address into another, typically a private address into a 
public address and vice-versa. Many users and sites do this today on a 
small scale. Your laptop may have the private address 192.168.1.10, 
which is translated by your home router into a public address provided 
by your ISP. The public address is unique and the address you depend on 
for global Internet connectivity. So what happens when your ISP runs out
 of addresses? Before address exhaustion, it would simply apply for and 
receive new addresses. But that is no longer the case. 
 
<img class="img" data-store="{"imgsrc":"https:\/\/scontent-b.xx.fbcdn.net\/hphotos-xpa1\/t1.0-0\/s280x280\/167495_494743352199_5361035_n.jpg"}" height="171" src="https://scontent-b.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xpa1/t1.0-0/s280x280/167495_494743352199_5361035_n.jpg" width="280" /> 
 
Enter
 LSN. The plan here is to give your endpoint, like your home router, a 
private address instead of a public one and then translate your traffic 
at a new, heavy-duty LSN device that lives elsewhere on the Internet. 
Thus, your laptop's private address will be translated to another 
private address at your home router, which will then be translated again
 into a public address at this new LSN device. Thousands of users share a
 single IP address thanks to the massive translator. What’s unclear is 
whether this will give us the same performance, reliability, and 
security we have on the Internet today. And the people deploying LSN are
 not exactly thrilled about having to use it — it's more out of 
necessity because most websites aren’t yet dual-stacked to handle an 
end-to-end IPv6 connection. 
 
IPv6 vs. LSN 
Many
 people have spent years working IPv6, which is a longer-term and more 
reliable solution than LSN. Adopting IPv6 means that people with IPv6 
addresses can talk to IPv6-enabled, dual-stack sites without 
translators. The following chart describes some other aspects of LSN 
compared to end-to-end IPv6 connectivity. 
 
<img class="img" data-store="{"imgsrc":"https:\/\/scontent-b.xx.fbcdn.net\/hphotos-xfa1\/t1.0-0\/s280x280\/166116_494743382199_4204840_n.jpg"}" height="183" src="https://scontent-b.xx.fbcdn.net/hphotos-xfa1/t1.0-0/s280x280/166116_494743382199_4204840_n.jpg" width="280" /> 
 
We
 hope you'll follow along in the coming months and then join us for 
World IPv6 Day on June 8, 2011, when the Internet takes a big step 
forward! 
 
Acknowledgements 
Many people contributed to our IPv6 efforts and this event, notably <a href="http://www.facebook.com/wlawton?refid=22" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Will Lawton</a>, <a href="http://www.facebook.com/ps?refid=22" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Paul Saab</a>, <a href="http://www.facebook.com/jallen?refid=22" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">John Allen</a>, and <a href="http://www.facebook.com/jonnythaw?refid=22" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Jonny Thaw</a> at Facebook, Lorenzo Colitti at Google, and Tore Anderson at Redpill Linpro.

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