How to Use the Fdisk and Format Toolsto use fdisk command

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">On Linux distributions, fdisk is the best tool to manage disk partitions. fdisk is a text based utility. <br />Using fdisk you can create a new partition, delete an existing partition, or change existing partition.<br /> Using fidsk you are allowed to create a maximum of four primary partition, and any number of logical partitions, based on the size of the disk. <br /> Keep in mind that any single partition requires a minimum size of 40MB.<br /> <span id="more-5964"></span><br />In this article, let us review how to use fdisk command using practical examples.<br /><br /><h2>NAME</h2>fdisk - Partition table manipulator for Linux <a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="lbAC"> </a><h2>SYNOPSIS</h2><b>fdisk [-u] [-b </b><i>sectorsize</i><b>]</b> <b>[-C </b><i>cyls</i><b>] [-H </b><i>heads</i><b>] [-S </b><i>sects</i><b>] </b><i>device</i> <b>fdisk -l [-u] [</b><i>device ...</i><b>]</b> <br /> <b>fdisk -s </b><i>partition ...</i> <br /> <b>fdisk -v</b><br /><br /><br /><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"> Hard Disk Format</span></span></b><br /><ul><li>FAT16: This file system has a maximum of 2 gigabytes (GB) for each allocated space or drive letter. For example, if you use the FAT16 file system and have a 6-GB hard disk, you can have three drive letters (C, D, and E), each with 2 GB of allocated space.For additional information about the FAT16 file system, click the article number below to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: <div class="indent">118335Maximum Partition Size Using FAT16 File System </div></li><li>FAT32: This file system supports drives that are up to 2 terabytes in size and stores files on smaller sections of the hard disk than the FAT16 file system does. This results in more free space on the hard disk. The FAT32 file system does not support drives that are smaller than 512 MB.For additional information about the FAT32 file system, click the article number below to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:  154997 Description of the FAT32 File System.</li></ul><br /></div>

How to Use the Fdisk and Format Toolsto use fdisk command

On Linux distributions, fdisk is the best tool to manage disk partitions. fdisk is a text based utility. Using fdisk you can create a new p...

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Advanced Hard Disk Drive Settings ATA or SATA

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="http://www.ipv4-ipv6.blogspot.com/"></a><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">What is Hard Disk Drive?    </span></b><br /><img align="middle" alt="" border="0" class="th imgthumb1" height="122" name="imgthumb1" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" style="display: inline-block; height: 122px; margin: 0px -9px 0px -5px; width: 142px;" title="http://www.pantherproducts.co.uk/index.php?pageid=whatisharddisk" width="142" /></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><b>Hard Disk is storage device it is used to file folder or data maintains</b>. <span id="intellitxt" name="intellitxt">The traditional spinning hard drive (HDD) is the basic nonvolatile storage on a computer. That is, it doesn't "go away" like the data on the system memory when you turn the system off</span><br /><span id="intellitxt" name="intellitxt"><b> And others miens  :  </b></span><span id="intellitxt" name="intellitxt"><b>Functioning as an internal storage device, it allows a computer to house and execute important files and programs, like the machine's operating system.</b></span><br /><span id="intellitxt" name="intellitxt"><b><img alt="" border="0" height="306" hspace="4" src="http://www.blogcdn.com/downloadsquad.switched.com/media/2008/09/clone.jpg" vspace="4" width="640" /> </b></span><br /><br />Tweaking of hard disk settings (dma, gap, ...) are not covered in this course. Several<br />tools exists, hdparm and sdparm are two of them.<br />/sbin/hdparm can be used to display or set information and parameters about an<br />ATA (or SATA) hard disk device. The -i and -I options will give you even more<br />information about the physical properties of the device.<br />root@laika:~# hdparm /dev/sdb<br />/dev/sdb:<br />IO_support = 0 (default 16-bit)<br />readonly = 0 (off)<br />readahead = 256 (on)<br />geometry = 12161/255/63, sectors = 195371568, start = 0<br />Below hdparm info about a 200GB IDE disk.<br />root@barry:~# hdparm /dev/hdd<br />/dev/hdd:<br />multcount = 0 (off)<br />IO_support = 0 (default)<br />unmaskirq = 0 (off)<br />using_dma = 1 (on)<br />keepsettings = 0 (off)<br />readonly = 0 (off)<br />readahead = 256 (on)<br />geometry = 24321/255/63, sectors = 390721968, start = 0<br />Here a screenshot of sdparm on Ubuntu 10.10.<br />root@ubu1010:~# aptitude install sdparm<br />...<br />root@ubu1010:~# sdparm /dev/sda | head -1<br />/dev/sda: ATA FUJITSU MJA2160B 0081<br />root@ubu1010:~# man sdparm<br />Use hdparm and sdparm with care.<br />practice: hard disk devices<br />About this lab: To practice working with hard disks, you will need some hard disks.<br />When there are no physical hard disk available, you can use virtual disks in vmware<br />or VirtualBox. The teacher will help you in attaching a couple of ATA and/or SCSI<br />disks to a virtual machine. The results of this lab can be used in the next three labs<br />(partitions, file systems, mounting). It is adviced to attach at least one ide and three<br />equally sized scsi disks to the virtual machine.<br />1. Use dmesg to make a list of hard disk devices detected at boot-up.<br />2. Use fdisk to find the total size of all hard disk devices on your system.<br />3. Stop a virtual machine, add three virtual 1 gigabyte scsi hard disk devices and one<br />virtual 400 megabyte ide hard disk device. If possible, also add another virtual 400<br />megabyte ide disk.<br />4. Use dmesg to verify that all the new disks are properly detected at boot-up.<br />5. Verify that you can see the disk devices in /dev.<br />6. Use fdisk (with grep and /dev/null) to display the total size of the new disks.<br />7. Use badblocks to completely erase one of the smaller hard disks.<br />8. Look at /proc/scsi/scsi.<br />9. If possible, install lsscsi, lshw and use them to list the disks.<br />solution: hard disk devices<br />1. Use dmesg to make a list of hard disk devices detected at boot-up.<br />Some possible answers...<br />dmesg | grep -i disk<br />Looking for ATA disks: dmesg | grep hd[abcd]<br />Looking for ATA disks: dmesg | grep -i "ata disk"<br />Looking for SCSI disks: dmesg | grep sd[a-f]<br />Looking for SCSI disks: dmesg | grep -i "scsi disk"<br />2. Use fdisk to find the total size of all hard disk devices on your system.<br />fdisk -l<br />3. Stop a virtual machine, add three virtual 1 gigabyte scsi hard disk devices and one<br />virtual 400 megabyte ide hard disk device. If possible, also add another virtual 400<br />megabyte ide disk.<br />This exercise happens in the settings of vmware or VirtualBox.<br />4. Use dmesg to verify that all the new disks are properly detected at boot-up.<br />See 1.<br />5. Verify that you can see the disk devices in /dev.<br />SCSI+SATA: ls -l /dev/sd*<br />ATA: ls -l /dev/hd*<br />6. Use fdisk (with grep and /dev/null) to display the total size of the new disks.<br />root@rhel53 ~# fdisk -l 2>/dev/null | grep [MGT]B<br />Disk /dev/hda: 21.4 GB, 21474836480 bytes<br />Disk /dev/hdb: 1073 MB, 1073741824 bytes<br />Disk /dev/sda: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes<br />Disk /dev/sdb: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes<br />Disk /dev/sdc: 2147 MB, 2147483648 bytes<br />7. Use badblocks to completely erase one of the smaller hard disks.<br />#Verify the device (/dev/sdc??) you want to erase before typing this.<br />#<br />root@rhel53 ~# badblocks -ws /dev/sdc<br />Testing with pattern 0xaa: done<br />Reading and comparing: done<br />Testing with pattern 0x55: done<br />Reading and comparing: done<br />Testing with pattern 0xff: done<br />Reading and comparing: done<br />Testing with pattern 0x00: done<br />Reading and comparing: done<br />8. Look at /proc/scsi/scsi.<br />root@rhel53 ~# cat /proc/scsi/scsi<br />Attached devices:<br />Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 02 Lun: 00<br />Vendor: VBOX Model: HARDDISK Rev: 1.0<br />Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 05<br />Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 03 Lun: 00<br />Vendor: VBOX Model: HARDDISK Rev: 1.0<br />Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 05<br />Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 06 Lun: 00<br />Vendor: VBOX Model: HARDDISK Rev: 1.0<br />Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 05<br />9. If possible, install lsscsi, lshw and use them to list the disks.<br />Debian,Ubuntu: aptitude install lsscsi lshw<br />Fedora: yum install lsscsi lshw<br />root@rhel53 ~# lsscsi<br />[0:0:2:0] disk VBOX HARDDISK 1.0 /dev/sda<br />[0:0:3:0] disk VBOX HARDDISK 1.0 /dev/sdb<br />[0:0:6:0] disk VBOX HARDDISK 1.0 /dev/sdc<br /><br /><b><span style="font-size: large;">For more information:</span></b><br /><ul><li> <a href="http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000369.htm">Determining available hard drive space.</a></li><li><a href="http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000413.htm">Installing a PC IDE/EIDE hard drive.</a></li><li><a href="http://www.computerhope.com/network/hdd.htm">Listing of computer hard drive manufacturers.</a></li><li><a href="http://www.computerhope.com/help/hdd.htm">Computer hard drive help and suppor</a></li><li><a href="http://ipv4-ipv6.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">ipv4-ipv6.blogspot.com </a></li></ul><br /><br /><br /></div>

Advanced Hard Disk Drive Settings ATA or SATA

What is Hard Disk Drive?    Hard Disk is storage device it is used to file folder or data maintains . The traditional spinning hard drive (...

Read more »