IPV4 to IPV6

IPv6 Introduction

IP version 4 (IPv4) has been a core part of the TCP/IP protocol suite
 and has served well during tremendous growth of the Internet. IPv4, 
mostly called just IP, defines addressing and routing for most corporate
 networks that use TCP/IP as well as the public Internet. Though IPv4 
has been a long-time companion, it has its shortcomings that created the
 need for a protocol that could replace IPv4. That protocol is Internet 
Protocol version 6 or IPv6 for short. IPv6 defines the same general 
functions that are defined by IPv4. However, there are differences in 
detail that we will explore in this chapter. 
IP version 6 (IPv6) 
serves as the protocol that will eventually replace IP version 4 (IPv4).
 The most obvious reason for migrating TCP/IP networks from IPv4 to IPv6
 is growth. IPv4 uses a 32-bit address, which allows for a little over 
four billion addresses. It may seem like a pretty large number of 
addresses but the immense growth of networks and the Internet has almost
 exhausted our stock of available IPv4 addresses for new deployments. 
IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses and increases the number of available 
addresses to 2^128, a number so large that we don’t have a word for it. 
The
 change from IPv4 to IPv6 is not just about one protocol being replaced 
by another; it impacts many other protocols as well. In this super-sized
 chapter, we start by introducing IPv6 addressing and routing, also 
discussing troubleshooting of the same. We then cover OSPFv3 (Open 
Shortest Path First Version 3) and EIGRPv6 (Enhanced Interior Gateway 
Routing Protocol for IPv6), in detail.  
The IPv6 Protocols 
The
 core IPv6 protocol, defined in RFC 2460, describes the concept of a 
packet, addessing for those packets, and the role of hosts and routers. 
The end objective of IPv6 like IPv4 is to enable devices forward packets
 sourced by hosts through multiple routers so that they arrive at the 
correct destination. However, because IPv6 affects several other 
functions in a network as well beyond addressing and packet forwarding, 
many more RFCs must define other details. For example, some RFCs 
describe how to migrate from IPv4 to IPv6, while some other RFCs define 
newer versions of familiar IPv4 protocols for IPv6: 
<ul>
<li>OSPF Version 3:
 The older version 2 of OSPF works for IPv4 but not for IPv6. So, a 
newer version known as OSPF version 3 (OSPFv3) was created to support 
IPv6.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>EIGRP for IPv6: EIGRP for IPv4 runs over 
IPv4 as the transport protocol, communicates only with IPv4 peers, and 
advertises only IPv4 routes. EIGRP for IPv6 follows the same model but 
it can propagate IPv6 prefixes to route IPv6 packets. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>ICMP Version 6:
 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) worked well with IPv4 to 
provide feedback to senders on packet forwarding especially when packets
 could not be forwarded by a router. ICMP was changed into what is known
 as ICMP version 6 (ICMPv6) to support IPv6. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Neighbor Discovery Protocol:
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to discover the MAC addresses
 of hosts whose IPv4 addresses are known. IPv6 replaces ARP with the 
more general Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP).</li>
</ul>
IPv6 is a 
layer 3 routing protocol and defines a header that holds both the source
 and destination address fields, just like IPv4. The IPv6 header is not
 similar to the IPv4 header and the differences are more than just 
bigger source and destination addresses. The IPv6 header is bigger in 
size compared with the IPv4 header, though it is otherwise simpler for 
the sake of reducing the computational overhead on routers that process 
IPv6 packets. The following diagram displays the IPv6 header: 
<div align="center">
Figure 14-1 IPv6 Header Format </div>
<img alt="14-1" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-1187" height="699" src="http://www.freeccnastudyguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/14-1-1024x792.png" width="904" /> 
IPv6 Addressing 
There are three types of IP version 6 (IPv6) addresses: 
<ul>
<li>Unicast:
 A unicast address identifies a single interface and a packet sent to a 
unicast address is delivered to the one interface identified by that 
address.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Anycast: An anycast address is for a 
set of interfaces typically on different nodes. A packet sent to an 
anycast address is delivered to only one of the interfaces identified by
 that address. The nearest interface, according to the routing protocol metric, gets the packet delivered to it. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Multicast:
 A multicast address identifies a set of interfaces typically on 
different nodes just like an anycast address. However, a packet sent to a
 multicast address is delivered to all interfaces identified by that address.</li>
</ul>
If
 you are wondering what happened to broadcast addresses, they don’t 
exist in the IPv6 world. Multicast addresses also function in place of 
broadcast addresses. 
<div class="stb-info_box" id="stb-box-618">
Key Concept IPv6 broadcast addresses are a special case of multicast addresses.</div>
Just
 like IPv4, IPv6 addresses of all types are assigned to interfaces, not 
nodes. The IPv6 unicast address of any of a node’s interfaces can be 
used as an identifier for that node. 
A single interface may have multiple IPv6 addresses of any type (unicast, anycast, and multicast) and scope.  
Representation of IPv6 Addresses and Prefixes 
An IP version 6 address is a 128-bit value written as xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx where each x
 is a hexadecimal digit. There are 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits in 
the above representation, with each digit representing four binary 
digits (bits). It is not necessary to write the leading zeros in an 
individual group of four hex digits. 
An example of an IPv6 address is: 
<div class="stb-grey_box" id="stb-box-1270">
2001:0DB8:0000:0000:0006:0600:300D:527B </div>
The same IPv6 address can also be written as: 
<div class="stb-grey_box" id="stb-box-6230">
     2001:DB8:0:0:6:600:300D:527B</div>
There
 must be at least one digit in every group of four digits. That is the 
reason, the groups with all four zeros in the mentioned address are 
replaced with a single zero. 
In order to make writing IPv6 
addresses with long strings of zero bits easier, a method is available 
to compress zeros. The special symbol :: can be used to represent one or more adjacent groups of 16 bits of zeros. The symbol :: can appear only once in an address though. The ::
 can also include leading zeros after the last group of 16 zero bits, or
 before the first group of 16 zero bits. For example, the same address 
we mentioned can be squeezed further as: 
<div class="stb-grey_box" id="stb-box-1765">
 2001:DB8::6:600:300D:527B</div>
Note that the ::
 in above representation replaces two groups of 16 zero bits, as well as
 three leading zeros in the group after those two groups of 16 zero 
bits. 
The table below first shows the full representation of a few
 IPv6 addresses, and then shows the short representation making use of 
the :: according to rules we described. 
<div align="center">
Table 13-1 IPv6 Addresses Representation</div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 504px;"><tbody>
<tr><td width="288">Full Representation</td><td width="216">Short Representation</td></tr>
<tr><td width="288">2001:0DB8:0000:85A4:0000:08B3:0370:7348</td><td width="216">2001:DB8:0:85A4::8B3:370:7348</td></tr>
<tr><td width="288">FF01:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0212</td><td width="216">FF01::212</td></tr>
<tr><td width="288">0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001</td><td width="216">::1</td></tr>
<tr><td width="288">0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000</td><td width="216">::</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
 
 IPv4 divides its address space into three classes: A, B, and C. IPv6 
does not have a concept of classful networks like IPv4. IPv6 subnets or 
prefixes can be of arbitrary length without any classful boundaries. An 
IPv6 address prefix is represented by: 
IPv6 address / Length of prefix 
For example, the following are four different but valid representations of the 64-bit prefix 20010DB80000ABCD: 
<div class="stb-grey_box" id="stb-box-6861">
2001:0DB8:0000:BCD0:0000:0000:0000:0000/64 
2001:0DB8::ABCD:0:0:0:0/64 
2001:0DB8:0:BCD0::/64</div>
The
 last of the above three formats is most commonly used to represent IPv6
 prefixes. A node can have an address like 
2001:0DB8:0:BCD0:123:4567:89AB:CDEF for the IPv6 prefix 
2001:0DB8:0:BCD0::/64. 
IPv6 provides two similar options for unicast addressing:  
Global Unicast 
IPv6
 global unicast addresses are similar to public IPv4 addresses. These 
addresses are allocated by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority 
(IANA) to the Regional Internet Registries (RIRs). RIRs have the task of
 allocation to services providers and other local registries. IANA 
maintains an official list of the current state IPv6 address allocation 
at <a href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-address-space/ipv6-address-space.xhtml" rel="nofollow">http://www.iana.org/assignments/ipv6-address-space/ipv6-address-space.xhtml</a> 
So, each company is assigned a unique IPv6 address block called a global routing prefix
 – a set of addresses that only one company can use. The company subnets
 its assigned IPv6 address block using addresses only from the block. As
 a result, IPv6 global unicast addresses are unique across the globe. 
<div class="stb-info_box" id="stb-box-167">
Key Concept IPv6 global unicast addresses and globally unique, and are analogous to IPv4 public address.</div>
The term global routing prefix
 refers to the idea that routers can have one route that covers all the 
addresses inside an address block, without the need to have individual 
routes for smaller portions of that block. All IPv6 addresses in a 
company should begin with the global routing prefix assigned to it. IPv6
 has plenty of space to allow all companies to have a global routing 
prefix with plenty of addresses, thanks to its 128-bit address size. 
Global unicast addresses make up the majority of IPv6 address space.   
Unique Local 
IPv6
 unique local addresses are similar to private IPv4 addresses. These 
addresses can be used by companies that do not plan to connect to the 
Internet, and companies that plan to use IPv6 Network Address 
Translation (NAT). 
These addresses are readily available, and you 
can simply read documentation and start assigning IPv6 addresses without
 worrying about registration with IANA or another authority. Multiple 
companies can possibly end up using the exact same IPv6 unique local 
addresses, and it works just fine just like private IPv4 addresses. 
<div class="stb-info_box" id="stb-box-6434">
Key Concept IPv6
 unique local addresses are only locally significant and don’t have to 
be globally unique, just like IPv4 private addresses.</div>
Address Range of Global Unicast Addresses 
Global
 unicast addresses make up the majority of the IPv6 address space. 
Originally, Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) reserved all IPv6
 addresses that begin with hex 2 or 3 as global unicast addresses. This 
address range can be written concisely as 2000::/3. Later, the 
global unicast address range was made wider by a series of RFCs. The 
present state of affairs is that all IPv6 addresses not otherwise 
allocated for other purposes are included in the global unicast address 
space. 
Because the number of addresses that sit within the global 
unicast address space is astonishingly large, IANA does not assign 
prefixes from all over the address range. 
The type of an IPv6 address can be identified by the initial bits of the address, as explained in below table. 
<div align="center">
Table 13-2 IPv6 Address Type Identification</div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 573px;"><tbody>
<tr><td width="141">Address Type</td><td width="144">Binary Prefix</td><td width="288">IPv6 Notation</td></tr>
<tr><td width="141">Unspecified</td><td width="144">000…0 (128 bits)</td><td width="288">::/128</td></tr>
<tr><td width="141">Loopback</td><td width="144">000…1 (128 bits)</td><td width="288">::1/128</td></tr>
<tr><td width="141">Multicast</td><td width="144">1111 1111</td><td width="288">FF00::/8</td></tr>
<tr><td width="141">Link-Local Unicast</td><td width="144">1111 1110 10</td><td width="288">FE80::/10</td></tr>
<tr><td width="141">Global Unicast</td><td width="144">(everything else)</td><td width="288">(everything else)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
 
 Anycast addresses are taken from the global unicast address space, and 
are not otherwise distinguishable from unicast addresses. 
The Unspecified Address 
The
 address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 is called the unspecified address and indicates
 the absence of an address. It serves as a place holder and must never 
actually be assigned to a node. As an example of its use, the Source Address field of an IPv6 packet sent by an initializing host before it has learned its own address carries the unspecified address.  
The Loopback Address 
The
 unicast address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 is known as the loopback address, and 
can be used by an IPv6 host to send a packet to it. The loopback address
 may be considered the IPv6 equivalent of the IPv4 loopback address 
127.0.0.1. The address is reserved for the special purpose of addressing
 self and must not be actually assigned to an interface. You can think 
of the loopback interface as a virtual interface to an imaginary link 
that goes nowhere. The loopback address is treated as having a 
link-local scope and an IPv6 packet with a destination address of 
loopback must never be sent outside of a single node.  
Global Unicast Address Format 
The general format of global unicast address is shown in Figure 13-2. 
<div align="center">
Figure 13-2 Global Unicast Address Format </div>
<img alt="Global Unicast Address Format" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-1188" height="286" src="http://www.freeccnastudyguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/14-2.jpg" width="872" /> 
Link-Local IPv6 Unicast Address Format 
The format of link-local addresses that are for use on a single link is given in Figure 13-3. 
<div align="center">
Figure 13-3 Link-Local Address Format</div>
<img alt="14-3" class="aligncenter size-large wp-image-1190" height="238" src="http://www.freeccnastudyguide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/14-3-1024x270.jpg" width="904" /> 
<div align="center" style="text-align: left;">
 Link-local
 addresses are supposed to be used for addressing of a single link for 
purposes such as automatic address configuration and neighbor discovery.
 Routers do not forward packets with link-local source or destination 
addresses to other links, thus respecting and enforcing link-local scope
 of these addresses.</div>
Site-local addresses were originally designed
 to be used for addressing inside a site without the need for a global 
routing prefix. They are now deprecated.

IPv6 Introduction

IP version 4 (IPv4) has been a core part of the TCP/IP protocol suite and has served well during tremendous growth of the Internet. IPv4, ...

Konfigurasi IPV4 ke IPV6 tugas kuliah

Tukiyooo 0 128-bit, 16 bit = 65534, 255.255.255.255, address, Internet Protokol, IP address, IPv4, IPv6, Protokol, Range, router 00:03

Internet Protokol Versi 4  (IPv4)  dan  Internet Protokol Versi 6 (IPv6) I. <a href="http://ipv4-ipv6.blogspot.com/2013/11/konfigurasi-ipv4-ke-ipv6-tugas-kuliah.html">Internet Protokol Versi</a> 4 (IPv4) IPv4 adalah sebuah jenis pengalamatan jaringan yang digunakan di dalam protokol jaringan TCP/IP yang menggunakan protokol IP versi 4. IP versi ini memiliki keterbatasan yakni hanya mampu mengalamati sebanyak 4 miliar host komputer di seluruh dunia. Contoh alamat IPv4 adalah 192.168.0.3 Pada IPv4 ada 3 jenis Kelas, tergantung dari besarnya bagian host, yaitu kelas A (bagian host sepanjang 24 bit , IP address dapat diberikan pada 16,7 juta host) , kelas B (bagian host sepanjang 16 bit = 65534 host) dan kelas C (bagian host sepanjang 8 bit = 254 host ). Administrator jaringan mengajukan permohonan jenis kelas berdasarkan skala jaringan yang dikelolanya. Konsep kelas ini memiliki keuntungan yaitu : pengelolaan rute informasi tidak memerlukan seluruh 32 bit tersebut, melainkan cukup hanya bagian jaringannya saja, sehingga besar informasi rute yang disimpan di router, menjadi kecil. Setelah address jaringan diperoleh, maka organisasi tersebut dapat secara bebas memberikan address bagian host pada masingmasing hostnya. Perbandingan IPv4 dan IPv6 Pemberian alamat dalam internet mengikuti format IP address (RFC 1166). Alamat ini dinyatakan dengan 32 bit (bilangan 1 dan 0) yang dibagi atas 4 kelompok (setiap kelompok terdiri dari 8 bit atau oktet) dan tiap kelompok dipisahkan oleh sebuah tanda titik. Untuk memudahkan pembacaan, penulisan alamat dilakukan dengan angka desimal, misalnya 100.3.1.100 yang jika dinyatakan dalam binary menjadi 01100100.00000011.00000001.01100100. Dari 32 bit ini berarti banyaknya jumlah maksimum alamat yang dapat dituliskan adalah 2 pangkat 32, atau 4.294.967.296 alamat. Format alamat ini terdiri dari 2 bagian, netid dan hostid. Netid sendiri menyatakan alamat jaringan sedangkan hostid menyatakan alamat lokal (host/router). Dari 32 bit ini, tidak boleh semuanya angka 0 atau 1 (0.0.0.0 digunakan untuk jaringan yang tidak dikenal dan 255.255.255.255 digunakan untuk broadcast). Dalam penerapannya, alamat internet ini diklasifikasikan ke dalam kelas (A-E).. Alasan klasifikasi ini antara lain : · Memudahkan sistem pengelolaan dan pengaturan alamat-alamat. · Memanfaatkan jumlah alamat yang ada secara optimum (tidak ada alamat yang terlewat). · Memudahkan pengorganisasian jaringan di seluruh dunia dengan membedakan jaringan tersebut termasuk kategori besar, menengah, atau kecil. · Membedakan antara alamat untuk jaringan dan alamat untuk host/router. Pada tabel dibawah dijelaskan mengenai ketersediaan IPv4 berdasarkan data dari APNIC sampai akhir tahun 1999 yang lalu dan total IP yang sudah dialokasikan ke tiap – tiap negara di Asia Pasifik. II.5 Internet Protokol Versi 6 (IPv6) Transisi IPv4 ke IPv6 merupakan fenomena yang tidak dapat dielakan oleh semua kalangan. Walaupun IPv4 tetap dapat digunakan, IPv6 memiliki versi design berbeda dan memiliki kegunaan lebih dibanding IPv4. Disertai dengan tumbuhnya inovasi-inovasi perangkat berteknologi, maka Negara-negara di dunia dituntut mampu bersaing atau setidaknya secara bertahap mulai untuk mengimplementasikan IPv6. Menurut jurnal Internet Protocol, diperkirakan tak sampai tahun 2011, jatah alamat IP yang masih belum digunakan saat ini akan habis. Maka muncullah suatu metode peangalamatan baru yang dikenal dengan sebutan IPv6. Di Indonesia, salah satu penyedia jasa Internet, Indosat Mega Media (Indosat M2), sejak 2004 telah siap menyewakan jaringan IPv6 ini. IPv6 merupakan metode pengalamatan IP yang perlahan-lahan mulai menggantikan IPv4. IPv6 digunakan sebagai pengalamatan karena keterbatasan jumlah IP yang dimiliki oleh IPv4, mengingat semakin bertambahnya perangkat berbasis IP saat ini. IPv6 atau Internet Protocol version 6 adalah protokol Internet terbaru yang merupakan pengembangan lebih lanjut dari protokol yang dipakai saat ini, IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4). Pengalamatan IPv6 menggunakan 128-bit alamat yang jauh lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan pengalamatan 32-bit milik IPv4. Dengan kapasitas alamat IP yang sangat besar pada IPv6, setiap perangkat yang dapat terhubung ke Internet (komputer desktop, laptop, personal digital assistant, atau telepon seluler GPRS/3G) bisa memiliki alamat IP yang tetap. Sehingga, cepat atau lambat setiap perangkat elektronik yang ada dapat terhubung dengan Internet melalui alamat IP yang unik. Protokol IPv6 ini memiliki beberapa fitur baru yang merupakan perbaikan dari IPv4,diantaranya : •Memiliki format header baru Header pada IPv6 memiliki format baru yang didesain untuk menjaga agar overhead header minimum, dengan menghilangkan field-field yang tidak diperlukan serta beberapa field opsional Perbandingan IPv4 dan IPv6 yang ditempatkan setelah header IPv6. Header IPv6 sendiri besarnya adalah dua kali dari besar header dari IPv4. •Range alamat yang sangat besar IPv6 memiliki 128-bit atau 16-byte untuk masing-masing alamat IP source dan destination. Sehingga secara logika IPv6 dapat menampung sekitar 3.4 x 1038 kemungkinan kombinasi alamat. •Pengalamatan secara efisien dan hierarkis serta infrastruktur routing Alamat global dari IPv6 yang digunakan pada porsi IPv6 di Internet, didesain untuk menciptakan infrastruktur routing yang efisien, hierarkis, dan mudah dipahami oleh pengembang. • Konfigurasi pengalamatan secara stateless dan statefull IPv6 mendukung konfigurasi pengalamatan secara statefull, seperti konfigurasi alamat menggunakan server DHCP, atau secara stateless yang tanpa menggunakan server DHCP. Pada konfigurasi kedua, host secara otomatis mengkonfigurasi dirinya sendiri dengan alamat IPv6 untuk link yang disebut dengan alamat link-lokal dan alamat yang diturunkan dari prefik yang ditransmisikan oleh router local. •Built-in security Dukungan terhadap IPsec memberikan dukungan terhadap keamanan jaringan dan menawarkan interoperabilitas antara implementasi IPv6 yang berbeda. • Dukungan yang lebih baik dalam hal QoS Pada header IPv6 terdapat trafik yang di identifikasi menggunakan field Flow Label, sehingga dukungan QoS dapat tetap diimplementasikan meskipun payload paket terenkripsi melalui IPsec. • Protokol baru untuk interaksi node Pada IPv6 terdapat Protokol Neighbor Discovery yang menggantikan Address Resolution Protokol. • EkstensibilitasIPv6 dapat dengan mudah ditambahkan fitur baru dengan menambahkan header ekstensi setelah header IPv6. Ukuran dari header ekstensi IPv6 ini hanya terbatasi oleh ukuran dari paket IPv6 itu sendiri.

Konfigurasi IPV4 ke IPV6 tugas kuliah

Internet Protokol Versi 4 (IPv4) dan Internet Protokol Versi 6 (IPv6) I. Internet Protokol Versi 4 (IPv4) IPv4 adalah sebuah jenis penga...

Master Boot Record, Windows™ 7 or 8 MBR ( Master Boot Record )How to Fix the Master Boot Record in Windows

Tukiyooo 0 Computer Tips 23:47

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">What is Master Boot Record: The Master Boot Record (MBR) is the first 512 bytes of a storage device. The MBR is not a partition; it is reserved for the operating system's bootloader and the storage device's partition table. This page examines the Windows 7 MBR code. (We had this page near completion, but lost it during our last move in May, 2010. Now even the Windows 7 RC versions have expired! This page is still a work in progress, but you'll find interesting facts about the code and a clear layout of each assembly instruction as with all our previous MBR/VBR pages.) Whenever you install Windows 7 to a hard disk, even one with an existing MBR, its first sector may be overwritten with the Windows 7 MBR code. (Note: If necessary, it will also change the Volume Boot Record of an existing Active Windows boot OS; usually found in the first partition of a PC's first hard disk.) This code is also installed on blank hard drives when using Windows 7's Disk Management utility. NOTE: On our Windows 7 RC Install DVD, all 512 bytes of this MBR (including the zero-bytes in the partition table) were found in boot\bootsect.exe, sources\upgdriver.dll and sources\winsetup.dll; see below for more files containing this code. Like all other MBRs presented in this series, this MBR code could still be used to boot any OS on some x86 PCs if it meets the conditions listed  How to Fix the Master Boot Record in Windows: One useful and often necessary thing you can do in the Windows Recovery Console is fix a corrupt or damaged master boot record (MBR). The MBR plays a role in starting your PC and what happens when it’s damaged. Recovery is entirely possible if you can access the Recovery Console and you know which command to type for your version of Windows. In Windows 7 and Windows Vista, type the following command at the Recovery Console prompt: BOOTREC /FIXMBR Type the command exactly as written: BOOTREC, a space, a forward slash, and then FIXMBR not followed by a period. Press Enter. In Windows XP, you type the following command to fix the master boot record at the Recovery Console prompt: FIXMBR Press the Enter key and then press Y and Enter to confirm. For all versions of Windows, this command works instantly. You see another command prompt displayed. Type exit to quit the command prompt. Restart the PC if it doesn’t restart automatically. When the computer restarts, whatever problems afflicted the MBR should be gone. For example, if you were removing a boot manager program, it no longer appears when the PC first starts. No danger is involved in fixing the MBR; if it wasn’t damaged, running the FIXMBR command doesn’t screw anything up (well, unless something else is wrong with the boot drive). </div>

Master Boot Record, Windows™ 7 or 8 MBR ( Master Boot Record )How to Fix the Master Boot Record in Windows

What is Master Boot Record: The Master Boot Record (MBR) is the first 512 bytes of a storage device. The MBR is not a partition; it is res...

Struktur Paket pada IPv6

Tukiyooo 0 Jaringan 22:51

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Seiring dengan bejalannya perluasan address menjadi 128 bit, maka pada IPv6 struktur paket pun mengalami perbaikan pula. Selain itu, field yang jarang dipakai pada IPv4 pun dihapus, dan diganti dengan field yang mendukung komunikasi real time. Pada header IPv4, ketika paket dipecah-pecah menjadi  beberapa bagian, ada field yang menyimpan urutan antar paket dan field tersebut tidak terpakai ketika paket tidak terpecah-pecah. Sedangkan pada IPv6, ketika merancang header paket ini, diupayakan agar cost pemrosesan header dapat menjadi lebih kecil dengan mencatat address awal dan address akhir yang menjadi kebutuhan setiap paket. Header pada IPv6 sendiri terdiri dari dua jenis, diantaranya : <ol style="text-align: left;"><li>Header dasar, yaitu field yang dibutuhkan setiap paket.</li><li>Header tambahan (ekstensi), yaitu field yang tidak selalu diperlukan pada sebuah paket. Header ini didefinisikan terpisah dari header dasar.  </li></ol>Header dasar akan selalu ada pada setiap paket, sedangkan header tambahan (ekstensi) hanya ada jika diperlukan, yang diselipkan antara header dasar dengan data. Header tambahan, saat ini didefinisikan selain bagi penggunaan ketika paket dipecah, juga didefinisikan bagi fungsi sekuriti dan lain-lain. Header tambahan ini diletakan setelah header dasar, jika dibutuhkan beberapa header maka header ini akan disambungkan berantai dimulai dari header dasar dan berakhir pada data. Router hanya perlu memproses header yang terkecil yang diperlukan saja, sehingga waktu pemrosesan menjadi lebih cepat. Meskipun ukuran header dasar membesar dari 20 bytes menjadi 40 bytes, namun jumlah field berkurang dari 12 menjadi 8 buah saja. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvHhDOgd-3rLtxCrhd2PtJxemInEdMNv7EhXiEK9TaxOsyCxH_mLUhkTX7Hf8ZUhQi7YpFN1kbOKoBEWcxPxX2K-79-09-zGmqxJKj-N_HqPFsSF2KhI3uUAez522P9c2T1uAhijYLF_U/s1600/label+air+ipv6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvHhDOgd-3rLtxCrhd2PtJxemInEdMNv7EhXiEK9TaxOsyCxH_mLUhkTX7Hf8ZUhQi7YpFN1kbOKoBEWcxPxX2K-79-09-zGmqxJKj-N_HqPFsSF2KhI3uUAez522P9c2T1uAhijYLF_U/s320/label+air+ipv6.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> Header dari IPv6 memiliki field label air (flow-label). Label ini digunakan untuk meminta agar paket tersebut diberi perlakuan tertentu oleh router saat dalam pengiriman. Dengan kata lain label ini dapat memberi tanda jenis dari paket tersebut. Misal, pada suara atau gambar bergerak (motion picture) sedapat mungkin ditransfer secepatnya wlaupun kualitasnya sedikit berkurang. Sedangkan E-mail ataupun WWW lebih memerlukan keakuratan daripada sifat realtime. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg6nqC2Mwu_o1Vc2jC6sIMuALT9-Kx0fuY4Ct0nXPdy_Ue-RNgquor0wyQ2PBIGy4ZavFqwxhIpw8zkk7krH6whe1PLX41zOvPBH-HXAz5tKYUeEM8EJyHTuKhErkyVkbegH6z0Szzxztu/s1600/struktur+paket+ipv6.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg6nqC2Mwu_o1Vc2jC6sIMuALT9-Kx0fuY4Ct0nXPdy_Ue-RNgquor0wyQ2PBIGy4ZavFqwxhIpw8zkk7krH6whe1PLX41zOvPBH-HXAz5tKYUeEM8EJyHTuKhErkyVkbegH6z0Szzxztu/s320/struktur+paket+ipv6.gif" width="320" /></a></div> Router mengelola skala prioritas maupun resource seperti kapasitas komunikasi atau kemampuan memproses, dengan berdasar pada label air ini. Jika pada IPv4 seluruh paket diperlakukan sama, maka pada IPv6 ini dengan perlakuan berbeda terhadap tiap paket, tergantung dari isi paket tersebut, dapat diwujudkan komuniasi yang aplikatif. Terima Kasih, semoga bermanfaat.. by <a class="g-profile" href="http://plus.google.com/110003774106233671397" target="_blank">+Ipv4 to Ipv6</a>     </div>

Struktur Paket pada IPv6

Seiring dengan bejalannya perluasan address menjadi 128 bit, maka pada IPv6 struktur paket pun mengalami perbaikan pula. Selain itu, field y...

What is Listener Configuration File? and Configuring and Administering Oracle Net Listener.

Tukiyooo 0 Oracle Database 22:36

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">What is Listener Configuration File? Listener is a process that resides on the server whose responsibility is to listen for incoming client  connection requests and manage the traffic to the server. Every time a client requests a network session with a server, a listener receives the actual request. If the client information matches the listener information, then the listener grants a connection to the server. listener.ora file. <h2>Assumptions</h2>The example files below are relevant for an Oracle installation and instance with the following values. <table class="grid"> <tbody><tr> <th class="grid">Parameter </th><th class="grid">Value </th></tr><tr> <td class="grid">HOST</td> <td class="grid">hostname</td> </tr><tr> <td class="grid">ORACLE_HOME</td> <td class="grid">/u01/app/oracle/product/9.2.0</td> </tr><tr> <td class="grid">ORACLE_SID</td> <td class="grid">ORCL</td> </tr><tr> <td class="grid">DOMAIN</td> <td class="grid">world</td> </tr></tbody></table><h2>Listener.ora</h2>The listerner.ora file contains server side network configuration parameters. It can be found in the "$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin" directory on the server. Here is an example of a listener.ora file from Windows 2000. <blockquote><pre>LISTENER = (DESCRIPTION_LIST = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = hostname)(PORT = 1521)) ) ) ) SID_LIST_LISTENER = (SID_LIST = (SID_DESC = (GLOBAL_DBNAME = ORCL.WORLD) (ORACLE_HOME = /u01/app/oracle/product/9.2.0) (SID_NAME = ORCL) ) )</pre></blockquote>After the "listener.ora" file is amended the listener should be restarted or reloaded to allow the new configuation to take effect. <blockquote><pre>C:> lsnrctl stop C:> lsnrctl start C:> lsnrctl reload</pre></blockquote><h2>Tnsnames.ora</h2>The "tnsnames.ora" file contains client side network configuration parameters. It can be found in the "$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin" or "$ORACLE_HOME/net80/admin" directory on the client. This file will also be present on the server if client style connections are used on the server itself. Here is an example of a "tnsnames.ora" file. <blockquote><pre>ORCL.WORLD = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS_LIST = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = hostname)(PORT = 1521)) ) (CONNECT_DATA = (SERVICE_NAME = ORCL.WORLD) ) )</pre></blockquote><h2>Sqlnet.ora</h2>The "sqlnet.ora" file contains client side network configuration parameters. It can be found in the "$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin" or "$ORACLE_HOME/net80/admin" directory on the client. This file will also be present on the server if client style connections are used on the server itself. Here is an example of an "sqlnet.ora" file. <blockquote><pre>NAMES.DIRECTORY_PATH= (TNSNAMES, ONAMES, HOSTNAME) NAMES.DEFAULT_DOMAIN = WORLD # The following entry is necessary on Windows if OS authentication is required. SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES= (NTS)</pre></blockquote><h2>Testing</h2>Once the files are present in the correct location and amended as necessary the configuration can be tested using SQL*Plus by attempting to connect to the database using the appropriate username (SCOTT), password (TIGER) and service (ORCL). <blockquote><pre>$ sqlplus scott/tiger@orcl</pre></blockquote> <h2>1. Set a global_name for the database</h2><blockquote>When creating a database with 'Oracle Database Configuration Assistant' (DBCA) specify a new, unique global_name. In the example below I'm using the domain ".ss64.com" you should change this for your own domain name: <img alt="global_name" border="2" height="171" src="http://ss64.com/ora/syntax-tnsnamesdbca.jpg" width="556" /> Many small and medium sized companies do everything under a single domain name, in which case these global names may seem like unnecessary work but if you do end up managing multiple domains at some point in the future (e.g. if your company is merged with another company) then having global names in place will make things much easier to manage. To change the Global_Name of an existing database: <div class="code">ALTER DATABASE rename global_name to demo.example.com;</div></blockquote><h2>2. Configure the Listener </h2><blockquote>Run 'Oracle Net Manager' on the server, choose Database Services - Add Database and fill in the global_name. If this fails to work, rename Listener.ora to Listener.OLD and then run 'Oracle Net Manager' again. <img alt="Net Manager" border="2" height="318" src="http://ss64.com/ora/syntax-tnsnames.jpg" width="637" /> File, Save will save this configuration into the Listener.ora file. Then load Listener.ora into memory to make the settings active From the OS command line LSNRCTL reload Alternatively stop and start the listener completely: LSNRCTL stop LSNRCTL start </blockquote></div>

What is Listener Configuration File? and Configuring and Administering Oracle Net Listener.

What is Listener Configuration File? Listener is a process that resides on the server whose responsibility is to listen for incoming client ...

Congratulations to Tadge Juechter - Automobile Magazine's Man of the Year

Tukiyooo 0 22:30

Below is me on the right and on the left is Tadge Juechter, Chief Engineer of Corvette and <a href="http://www.automobilemag.com/features/awards/1401_2014_man_of_the_year_tadge_juechter/">Automobile Magazine of the Year</a>   What an incredible engineer and just a great guy!  I spoke to T<a href="http://ipv4-ipv6.blogspot.com/2013_08_26_archive.html">adge for 15 minutes at Corvettes at Carlisle </a>which I was a thrill of a lifetime for me.   <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6N_k09762Jd_996bEmemeYB1csoaeFKRL6mA8FngA2OQwYj19XimZ9TKBocodhbvpxLrFaBn8AwQcC4FmqerGf8maqGv1_8eF81E_8ddeV9s5nf4NaGP3wRtC6H3K-spdfx-iLgWJGfo/s1600/CorvAtCarlisle13_30.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6N_k09762Jd_996bEmemeYB1csoaeFKRL6mA8FngA2OQwYj19XimZ9TKBocodhbvpxLrFaBn8AwQcC4FmqerGf8maqGv1_8eF81E_8ddeV9s5nf4NaGP3wRtC6H3K-spdfx-iLgWJGfo/s640/CorvAtCarlisle13_30.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>

Congratulations to Tadge Juechter - Automobile Magazine's Man of the Year

Below is me on the right and on the left is Tadge Juechter, Chief Engineer of Corvette and Automobile Magazine of the Year What an incred...

What is a database management system?

Tukiyooo 0 Oracle Database 21:22

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Stands for "Database Management System." In short, a DBMS is a database program. Technically speaking, it is a software system that uses a standard method of cataloging, retrieving, and running queries on data. The DBMS manages incoming data, organizes it, and provides ways for the data to be modified or extracted by users or other programs. Some DBMS examples include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft Access, SQL Server, FileMaker, Oracle, RDBMS, dBASE, Clipper, Or Database Management Systems has quickly become one of the leading texts for database courses, known for its practical emphasis and comprehensive coverage. The third edition features new material on database application development, with a focus on Internet applications. The hands-on approach introduces students to current standards, including JDBC, XML, and 3-tier application architectures. A new, flexible organization allows instructors to teach either an applications-oriented course or an introductory systems-oriented course <h1> Database Management </h1>Increase DBA productivity by 80% and reduce database testing time by 90%. Oracle revolutionized the field of enterprise database management systems with the release of Oracle Database 10g by introducing the industry’s first self-management capabilities built right into the database kernel. Today, after several releases and continuous improvement of this intelligent management infrastructure, Oracle Database provides the most extensive self-management capabilities in the industry, ranging from zero-overhead instrumentation to integrated self-healing and business-driven management. Oracle’s Database management capabilities make DBA lives easier by providing a full-lifecycle solution encompassing change and configuration management, patching, provisioning, testing, masking/subsetting, performance management and automatic tuning. </div>

What is a database management system?

Stands for "Database Management System." In short, a DBMS is a database program. Technically speaking, it is a software system ...